A Review on Home Yard Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in Diabetic Treatment
Avra Pratim Chowdhury1*, Shaikh Bokhtear Uddin2, Sangita Boro3, Raja Chakraborty4
1Department of Microbiology, Assam down town University, India
2Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
3Department of Microbiology, Assam down town University, India
4Department of Pharmacy, Assam down town University, India
Received Date: 05 August, 2018; Accepted Date: 13 August, 2018; Published Date: 21 August, 2018
*Corresponding author: Avra Pratim Chowdhury, Department of Microbiology, Assam down town University, India.
Email: avranu132@gmail.com
Citation: Chowdhury AP, Uddin SB, Boro S, Chakraborty R (2018) A Review on Home Yard Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in Diabetic Treatment. Adv in Nutr Fd Sci: ANAFS-102.
Abstract
Bangladesh is a land of tropical forests and boggy jungle. As boasted with floral plantation of herbs made it an excellent source of medicinal plants. The modern analysis of herbal plants designed with highly esteemed source of medicine to treat Diabetes mellitus. On these consequences the researcher (Chowdhury AP1 et.al) illustrated the local application of raw medicinal products of herbs as a remedy of controlling diabetes. Herbal practitioners in Bangladesh both registered and nonregistered traditionally use some of the herbal plants and active chemical constituents which have a role in Diabetes including type 1 and type 2. The research protocols is subjected as local implementation of home yard medicinal plant to control diabetes in a minimal cost reviewing for its anti diabetic activity without side effects.
Keywords: Amyline Antagonism; cAMP; Diabetes Mellitus; Herbal Practitioner; Insulinotropic; Phytomedicine
Introduction
Bangladesh is an environmental resourceful country for tree plantation due to its monsoon effects. The concern of isolation and identification of phytomedicinal plants, based on tropical rain forest area in Bangladesh, is subjected on these global effects. For this reason, the research work has been carried out at Chittagong metropolitan and rural based area in Bangladesh from these basic external outfits. Here the reviewers tried to follow up to differentiate implementation of raw herbal products for the treatment of Diabetic patient, collected herbal plants from home yard ground. Previous researcher reviewed his work on inexpensive and easily accessible nature of the traditional medicines made by an integral part of public health services in Bangladesh . Diabetes mellitus is metabolic diseases characterized in group of patterns incorporate with high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from insufficient insulin secretion. Phyto medicines have been highly esteemed source, are widely used. Today we followed reviewing our research indicating that medicinal herbs usually inconsiderably a growing part of modern Bio tech application. Home yard herbal plants with active chemical constituents play a vital role in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 maintaining blood sugar level in normal 70 to 100, or less than 140 mg/100ml. The names of Ayurvedic village prescribers were enlisted in table and we compiled parameter along their specific treatment. The parameter was verified from authentic source of their record book as use of raw medicine that we discussed in this review. The guide for herbal treatments was suggested by practitioner made the patient discomfort less and satisfied. The effective ways to practice herbal medicine for diabetic treatment depending on home yard source so that natural home yard plants, crops, seeds, leaves considered as performing potent candidates with pharmaceutical synthetic oral medicines. Then steps were taken from root label to optimize a procedure for ant diabetic screening of different plant extracts isolating new bioactive compounds for the discovery of home yard available herbal anti diabetic drugs. Herbal village practitioner always used to choose Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L., family Leguminasae) seeds, due to its active components 4-HI (4-hydroxyisoleucine), this potential active compound is applied on diabetic patient in a successive patterns [1]. Another available source of application is chosen by the ayurvedic doctors Neem (Azadirachta indica , mahogany family). The present study evaluated the long term hypoglycemic effect of Black cumin ( Nigella sativa) holy basil (Ocimum sanctum), Cherotha ( Swertia chirayita), Seeds of Mehogone ( Swietenia macrophylla), Bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia L.) to treat as yard plenty source based on their activities regarding anti diabetic application. The in vitro application of aqueous extract of aloevera (Aloe barbadensis) leaves, examined for its anti diabetic activities against alloxan induced diabetic mice. But it does not prove that aloevera maintains long term hypoglycemic effect. The observational studies of this research proved that the basic fundamentals need of diabetic patient was enrolled by the treatments of village herbal practitioners in effective ways [2,3].
Isolation and Identification of Home Yard Anti Diabetic Plants
Plants name
Scientific identity
Active initiator compounds
Aloe vera
Aloe barbadensis
Methylenecycloartanol.
Gerlic
Allium sativum
Diallyl disulphide oxide (allicin)
Onion
Allium cepa
Mehtyl cysteine sulphoxide
Neem
Azadirachta indica
Oleic & stearic acids. (50%, 20%)
Noyontara
Catharanthus roseus
Vinculin alkaloids
Telacucha
Capparis deciduas
Phenyl propanoid, thymol (24.4%)
Bitter gouard
Momordica charantia
Glycosides momordin, charantosides, charantin.
Holy basil
Ocimum sanctum
Eugenol 4, 5, Cinnamyl acetate 5 and Beta-elemene 5.
Cherotha
Swertia chirayita
Ophelic acid
Black berry
Syzygium cumini
Kaempferol-3-O-β-D glucurono pyranoside
Seeds of Mehogony
Swietenia macrophylla
Limonoids
Fenugreek
Trigonellafoenum graecum
Trogonelline, and Coumarin
Methodology
The plant that are used in this study, collected from the stand at the courtyard around the Dean’s Office, Botanical garden, Home yard garden of ayurvedic doctor and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong. The specimens were authenticated by Dr. Shaikh Bokhtear Uddin, Professor, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong.
Field Survey
A total of twenty Herbal practitioners had been interviewed. Their age group was categorized between 35-50.In this contrary, approaching to the practitioners were honored by at least 10 to 25 years experience. So following nine practitioners were selected for their logical arguments and also for effective prescribe.
Preparation of Anti Diabetic Suspension
Saturate solution of Neem leaves (overnight) :250 ml
Fenugreek: 20 gm
Alovera gel: 10 gm
Seeds of Mehogone: 5 gm
| Herbal Practitioners (Ayurvedic or Unani medicine) Name, Designation
And Locality |
||
| Dr. AKM Fuzlul Hoque Siddiqi
Gold Medalist (India) Dist. Chittagong Bangladesh. Cell:+88 01839233799 |
Hakim Shahinur Khatun
DHMS. DUMS Rauzan, Dist. Chittagong Bangladesh Cell:+88 01719555317 |
Hakim Abdul Awal
DUMS Chandanpura Dist.Chittagong Bangladesh Cell:+8801818134870 |
| Hakim Abdul Mothaleb
DUMS Rauzan, Dist. Chittagong Bangladesh Cell: +88 01727946221 |
HakimMd.Lokman Hakim
DUMS Sathkania, Dist. Chittagong Bangladesh. Cell:+88 01819084432
|
DUMS
Dist. Lakshmipur Bangladesh. Cell:+88 01716241856 |
| Hakim Ashish Kanti Shikder
DUMS Kolathola,Coxbazar Dist. Chittagong Bangladesh. Cell:+88 0183522832 |
Hakim M.A.Jamal khan
DUMS Panchlaish, Dist. Chittagong Bangladesh. Cell:+88 01819893235 |
KobirajShimul Bhattcharya
DUMS Potia, Dist. Chittagong Bangladesh. Cell:+88 01816052668
|
Results
Natural resources considered as potent candidates for drug discovery and are playing a pivotal role in drug development programs. Moreover, many medicinal herbs provide a rich mine for bioactive chemicals that are markedly free from undesirable side effects and full of powerful pharmacological actions.
Discussion
Twenty Herbal practitioners had been interviewed asking about the remedies of herbs as medicine. In this contrary, their age were considered on approaching honour at least 10 to 25 years experience. So following nine practitioners (Table1) were selected for their logical arguments as for effective prescribe.
A total of 17 species had been found to be used for the treatment of diabetes in 16 /genera under six Families and subjected to Herb, shrub, tree and climber. From the analysis of herbal formularies, it had been observed that the percentage of use of plant parts contain 37% leaves, 17% entire plant, 16% seed, 14% Fruit, 6% Flower, 4% Bulb, 6% Bark (Figure1).
Figure 1: Analysis of remedies obtained from different plant parts for Diabetes Mellitus. 1. L - Leaves, 2. EP - Entire plant, 3. S - Seed, 4. F - Fruit, 5. FL - Flower, 6. B - Bulb,7. BR – Bark.
Than twelve home yard phytomedicinal plants and their remedies upon patient for three months were selected by the researcher and associates. The research protocols extended on ayurvedic village doctors and their practices, assembling data on administered medicine from their home made [4-6]. Complying of parameter were subjected on medicines where as their patient became cure from their outdoor suggestion (Figure 2) (Table 2).
|
Plants Used. |
Mode of Application
|
||
| Aloe barbadensis
(Aloe vera), |
Leaves | Grinding in juice and used as syrup. | Once daily up to one year. |
|
Allium cepa: (onion) |
Root crops
Bulbs, stem, tops. |
Grinding in juice and used as pulpy syrup. | Two times daily up to one year |
| Allium sativum: (garlic) | Root crops Bulbs, stem, tops | Grinding in juice and used as pulpy syrup. | Two times daily up to one year. |
| Azadirachta indica: (Neem), | Leaves
Flowers |
Grinding in juice and used as syrup. | Once daily up to one year. |
| Catharanthus roseus (Noyontara) | Flowers | Grinding in juice and used as syrup. | Once daily up to six months |
| Capparis deciduas (Telakucha), | Leaves | Grinding in juice then boiled and used as syrup | Two times daily up to one year. |
| Swietenia macrophylla
( Seeds of Mehogone), |
Seed | Dried and grinding form to use as powder. | Once daily up to six months |
| Momordica charantia: (bitter gourd) | Fruit | Grinding pulp and its juice. | Once daily up to one year. |
| Ocimum sanctum:
(holy basil) |
Leaves | Grinding in juice and used as syrup. | Once daily up to six months |
| Swertia chirayita (Cherotha) | Stem and Bark
|
Dried and wet.
|
Once daily up to six months |
| Trigonellafoenum graecum: (fenugreek) | Seed
|
Dried and grinding form to use as powder | Once daily up to one year. |
| Syzygium cumini:
(Black berry) |
Fruit | Dried and grinding form to use as powder | Once daily up to one year. |
The research survey was continued with daily assessment of history in diabetic and non diabetic patients being with administered specific isolated plant medicine by respective doctor. Medicinal plants that was been showing to improve the diabetic state without apparent enhancement of insulin secretion, tested for effective constituents of raw alkaloids properties, suggested by Ayurvedic village doctors (Figures 3, 4)[7-10]. The constituents and active properties regarding hypoglycemic effect and antibiotic sensitivity had been studied and observed by researcher from several blood reports of patients in a collective profile (Table 3).
Figure 3: Ayurbedic village doctor Md. Najmul Hasan showed home yard medicinal plants, and homemade medicinal ingredients from leaves, bark, fruits and roots.
Figure 4: Ayurvedic village doctor Mr. Ghandhi Das showed home yard medicinal plants and its fruits with roots.
| Plants name | Mode of action | History of curability (%) according to patient registry, December-February (2015-2016) | Result
(According to patient registry) |
|
| Type 1 | Type 2 | |||
| Aloe barbadensis
(Aloevera) |
As medicine, it is used and suggested to the patient in syrup suspension of Aloevera for 4 - 14 weeks. The outcome is resulted significant by hypoglycemic effect both clinically and experimentally. Scientifically it is proved Aloevera gel is used in reducing sugar in diabetes under studying prescription of Ayurvedic village doctors. | Total no. 40
Cure: 26
65% |
Total no. 12
Cure: 7
58.33% |
61.67% |
| Allium sativum (garlic) | 2.4 gm garlic tablet is administered for patient containing 31.2 mg allicin in high dose. The actual dose is used to control and regulate hyperglycemic effect after 5 h of administration. | Total no. 25
Cure: 10
40% |
Total no. 14
Cure: 8
57.14% |
48.57% |
| Allium cepa (onion) | The control of hyperglycemic effects regarding the systemic routine studies showed that oral administration of the ethanol extract of onion regulated the blood-sugar level, normalizing the activity of both liver hexokinase and glucose-6- phosphatase. | Total no. 10
Cure: 7
70% |
Total no. 8
Cure: 4
50% |
60% |
| Azadirachta indica (Neem) | The ingradients suggested by doctors followed in suppressing digestion and absorption at intestinal and hepatic cells. The raw contents prepared homemade medicine is used to decrease of carbohydrate. This suggestion includes with no risk of hypoglycemia,hyperinsulineia and undesirable weight gain.But carries hyper risk of stomach ache. | Total no. 56
Cure: 38
67.86% |
Total no. 44
Cure: 22
50% |
58.93% |
|
Capparis deciduas (Telakucha), |
Village Ayurvedic doctors suggest the raw juice of telakucha. The activity for α-glucosidase was assessed according to the method of enzyme inhibition directly. Patients were administered pasted juice for three weeks, and the outcomes were fruitful from patient registry. |
Total no. 9 Cure: 6
66.67% |
Total no. 4 Cure: 1
25% |
45.84% |
| Catharanthus roseus (Noyontara | The active compound vinculin alkaloids decrease the hyperglycemic levels by increasing anti cytotoxic factors in liver. | Total no. 39
Cure: 23
58.97% |
Total no. 13
Cure: 9
69.23% |
64.10% |
| Momordica charantia
(Bitter gourd) |
It is widely used and administered to type 1 diabetic patient suffering from obesity. The hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects comes out by synthesis of active compound momordin and cucurbitacin B. The potential rate of medicinal extract is highly potent on the field basis application. | Total no. 65
Cure: 46
70.77% |
Total no. 38
Cure: 16
42.10% |
56.44% |
| Swietenia macrophylla
( Seeds of Mehogone)
|
Seeds of extracted medicine in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is administered for exhibiting (60% reduction) in blood glucose level. The outcomes of treated patient resulting after 12 consecutive days of oral treatment (300 mg/kg). It is also potent antibiotic active compound against gangrenous bacteria. | Total no. 19
Cure: 12
63.16% |
Total no. 10
Cure: 6
60% |
61.58% |
| Ocimum sanctum:
(holy basil) |
Leaves of holy basil produced alcohol extract. In ayurvedic treatment pasted syrup was administered orally which significantly reduced glycemia and enhanced exogenous insulin action. | Total no. 70
Cure: 46
65.71% |
Total no. 85
Cure: 66
77.65% |
71.68% |
| Swertia chirayita (Cherotha) | The insulin levels are maintained on the treatment of 200mg/kg from extracted ethanols. The treatment of diabetic patient was compared to the diabetic control from abnormal glucose homeostasis. The result was subjected to leading part on type I diabetes due to selective and progressive destruction of pancreatic β-cells was about to cure. | Total no. 122
Cure: 86
70.49% |
Total no. 74
Cure: 59
79.73% |
75.11% |
| Syzygium cumini:
(Black berry) |
The juice and pasted seed and leaves extract are the medicinal source of hydrolyzed tannins. This compound is the active source of transforming growth factor beta1, Fibrinoactin and growth factor of connective tissue in pancreatic islets. It contains Plasminogen activator which inhibits the active site of renal cortex in type 2 diabetic patient. | Total no. 15
Cure: 11
73.33% |
Total no. 8
Cure: 6
75% |
74.17% |
| Trigonellafoenum graecum: (fenugreek) | The fenugreek is a complete diet for regular practices of diabetic or non diabetic patient. Studying consecutive patient history the result of fenugreek significantly awesome to reduce fasting blood sugar. The case study was improved glucose tolerance test in type 2 after urine analysis. | Total no. 106
Cure: 92
86.79% |
Total no. 48
Cure: 32
66.67% |
76.73% |
From this group study and research survey, the outcomes were resulted about self home remedies for diabetic patient in regular practice at a minimal cost. Garlic, onion and fenugreek (48.57%, 60% and 76.73% curability rate) was very much effective to maintain hypoglycemic level in both diabetic and non diabetic patients. Blackberry, hollybasil and aloevera cultivation was the good source for home yard cultivation due to antibiotic and antidiabetic effects on patients without having any discomfort for its own chemical components. These included their contents with eugenol, linalool, estragole, limonene, citral, methylchavicol, and methyl cinnamate. The scented varieties boasted a predominant volatile compound that out-competes the rest, producing a characteristic aroma. Momordin, Ophelic acid and Stearic acid produced acidity in stomach accelerating the receptor of hydrogen antagonistic to probiotic production. Indigestion may result if generic Compound was administered in fasting condition of patient. So the raw juice of Neem (58.93% curability rate) leaves, Cherotha and Bitter gourd (56.44% curability rate) should be suggested in 200 ml daily considerable in age 35-55. This medicine should not be prescribed to complete insulin dependent patient. So the curability rate comes out as best suggestive for Bitter gourd for type 1 and Cherotha is suggestive for type 2. But as regular practice to control sugar label as preventive medicine, Cherotha (75.11% curability rate) was the best selection for practitioner. Telakucha and Noyontara are less effective than others and it may also cause ulceration to intestine of immune suppressed patient. So the ayurvedic practitioners could have their suggestio as observing the history and blood report of diabetic patients. The graphical presentation (Figures 5, 6, 7, 8) showed the diagrammatic points of view that already been described in noted discussion [8-14].
Figure 5: Graphical views of comparative study among the isolated phytomedicinal plants.
Figure 6: Fluctuation points are noted as curability percentages among isolated plants in Type1 diabetes patients.
Figure 7: Fluctuation points are noted as curability percentages among isolated plants in Type 2 diabetes patients.
Figure 8: Curability percentages among isolated plants in Type1 and Type 2 diabetes Patients.
Conclusion
The phytomedicinal condition of different samples and their safety assessment revealed that most of the raw medicinal residues as a treatment were acceptable. The implemented safety of the samples depend not only the environmental conditions but also on the personal medication and doctors suggestion. Detailed study is required concerning more areas, increasing more sampling sites and their numbers for better growth of home yard medicinal plants. Storage duration of home yard phytomedicinal plants plays a vital role and long storage duration favors containing more carcinogenic and chemical toxin that is degrading gradually their remedies potency. Therefore storage of processed raw medicine for long time should always be avoided and prohibited. As most of the plants constituents are able to produce toxins, so it is necessary to monitor strictly medicinal products and then use to certify them for human consumption after performing an example.
References
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8. Melander A (1989) Sulfonylurea anti diabetic drugs 37:58-72.
12. Spencer Km (1989) Diabetes in epidemiological Perspective. (1st Ed) Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. P: 99-11.
13. Tripathi Ak (2011) Herbal anti diabetics: A review. Int. J Res Pharm. Sci 2: 30-37.